By Billy Ryan – May 21, 2018
Sitting Bull is the legendary first chieftain of the entire Lakota
Sioux nation, a commonplace figure among the Wild West history of the
American Frontier. Most everyone in grade school learns the history of
his involvement with resistance against the government, his time spent
with Buffalo Bill, and his unfortunate death. What most people don’t
know about him, however, is that Sitting Bull wore a crucifix. Here’s
why…
While most learn about Sitting Bull and the American Indians, most
don’t learn about the great work done by Catholic missionary priests on
the American Frontier. The most famous of these priests was the Jesuit
missionary Pierre-Jean De Smet, one of the rare few trusted by the
Lakota Sioux and a personal great friend of Chief Sitting Bull who
became known as “Friend of Sitting Bull.”
The Sioux, especially Chief Sitting Bull, greatly admired the
“black-robes,” as they called the missionaries. Father De Smet was so
loved he was able to walk into an entire camp of five thousand unarmed
and be greeted with welcome arms. Father De Smet first met Sitting Bull
in 1848, when he was 17 and De Smet was 47. Bishop Thomas O’Gorman
records in 1904:
“Father De Smet has left a complete record of his visit made in the
summer of 1848, but says he was impelled to make that visit by interest
aroused during a ‘transient visit to some tribes of Sioux, on the
upper-Missouri, on my way back from the Rocky mountains.’”
While Father De Smet and Sitting Bull would likely have had multiple
further encounters from 1848-1870, there is no baptismal record of
Sitting Bull nor did De Smet ever mention it in his writings. Because
Sitting Bull had multiple wives he did not give up, it remained an
obstacle to his acceptance into the Church his entire life. The legend
that he was a baptized most likely spawned from a New York Times article
on September 23rd, 1883 that hints at the possibility of him becoming
Catholic:
“An unforeseen obstacle to his [Sitting Bull’s] reception has been
met in the shape of two wives, neither of whom Sitting Bull can make up
his mind to part with. Until the red man brings himself to put aside one
or the other of his marital companions he will be debarred entrance.”
If he wasn’t Catholic, why did he wear a crucifix? The answer to the
reason why comes from a meeting in June of 1868, when Father De Smet met
with Chief Sitting Bull near Fort Rice in efforts to gather signatures
for the Treaty of Fort Laramie. When he arrived, one of the chiefs there
told him: “If it had been any other man than you, Black-robe, this day
would have been his last.”
During this meeting, Father De Smet presented Sitting Bull and
principal war leaders American Cross and Two Bears with a crucifix and
convinced the Sioux people to sign the treaty. When De Smet returned,
General Stanley remarked that “Father De Smet alone of the entire white
race could penetrate to these cruel savages and return safe and sound.”
This crucifix he received from Father De Smet in 1868 was the same
one he wore in his most famous portrait taken in 1885. If you look
closely, the crucifix has skull bones on its bottom. This type of
crucifix was popular with Jesuit missionaries at the time because the
world Calvary means “the skull,” meant to be a reminder of the story of
Salvation and why Christ died for us.